Alcohol

Canada’s Guidance on Alcohol and Health

Canada’s Guidance on Alcohol and Health

• All levels of alcohol consumption are associated with some risk, so drinking less is better for everyone.
• Among healthy individuals, there is a continuum of risk for alcohol-related harms where the risk is:
  • Low for individuals who consume between one and two standard drinks per week.
  • Moderate for those who consume between three and six standard drinks per week.
  • Increasingly high for those who consume more than six standard drinks per week.
• On any occasion, any level of consumption has risks, and with more than two standard drinks, most individuals will have an increased risk of injuries or other problems.

Canada’s Guidance on Alcohol and Health

Reduce your risk of alcohol related health problems

Even in small quantities, alcohol can be harmful to your health.

• Keep track of how many standard drinks you have per week to understand your habits.
• Set a target to reduce your drinking if it is above the low-risk range (three or more drinks per week).
• Stick to the limits you have set for yourself using Canada's Guidance on Alcohol and Health.
• Choose drinks with a lower percentage of alcohol.
• Drink slowly in small sips.
• Always have a pitcher of water on hand.
• For every drink of alcohol, have one non-alcoholic drink.
• Try some alcohol-free cocktail recipes.
• Never drink and drive or ride with someone who you suspect is impaired.
• It is okay not to drink alcohol! You don’t need to explain your healthy choices to anyone.

• 341 ml (12 oz.) bottle 5 per cent alcohol (beer, cider, coolers).
• 43 ml (1.5 oz.) shot of 40 per cent hard liquor (vodka, rum, gin, whiskey).
• 142 ml (5 oz.) glass of 12 per cent wine.

Binge drinking, usually defined as consuming five standard drinks or more for men, or four standard drinks or more for women in one setting, is a pattern of consumption that results in legal impairment for most people. The risk of negative outcomes begins to increase with any consumption, and with more than two standard drinks, most individuals will have an increased risk of injuries or other problems.

On any drinking occasion, the risk of acute outcomes such as unintentional injuries and violence is strongly associated with consuming larger amounts of alcohol and a reduced ability to think clearly or perform certain activities (e.g., is caused by alcohol impairment).

Risk of death

It is a well-established risk factor for death from any cause, including unintentional injuries, violence, heart disease and high blood pressure, inflammation of the gastrointestinal system, and the development of an alcohol use disorder (e.g., alcohol dependence).

Violence, child abuse and neglect

Many of the complications arising from acute impairment and binge drinking involve second-hand effects that affect someone other than the person who drinks alcohol (e.g., violence, child abuse and neglect).

The Canadian Center for Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA, 2022) has reported that:

• Gender-related (social) factors contribute to the negative impacts of alcohol in real life, increasing vulnerability to marketing exploitation, stigma, sexual assault and intimate partner violence (IPV).
• Sex, gender and factors such as trauma and poverty interact and make dependence on alcohol, treatment and recovery more difficult for women.

"Overall, disproportionately more injuries, violence and deaths result from men’s drinking. Men drink more alcohol than women do and are more likely to drink in excess."

Men are more likely to:

• be involved in impaired driving collisions
• be treated in hospitals and hospitalized for alcohol-related medical emergencies and health problems
• be diagnosed with an alcohol use disorder
• take other risks including the use of other substances
• die from alcohol-related causes.
• perpetrate violence including violence against family or women (CCSA, 2022).

"Above low levels of consumption, lifetime risk of health harms increases more steeply for women than for men." Enzymes, genes, body weight and size, organ function and metabolism are important in processing alcohol. For females, these factors cause faster intoxication, more risk for disease (including breast cancer), and more long-term harm (such as liver damage and injury) using lesser amounts (CCSA, 2022).

Alcohol and pregnancy

It is safest not to drink while pregnant or trying to get pregnant. For women who are breastfeeding, it is safest not to use alcohol.

Reproductive health is compromised by alcohol use.

• Possible increases in miscarriage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and placental abnormalities.
• Alcohol is an agent that can cause malformation of the fetus.
• Alcohol can lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome with lifelong learning, health, and social problems. These effects can occur with both low levels of exposure or short-term exposure to high levels of consumption. It is safest to not to drink at all while pregnant and during the pre-conception period (CCSA, 2022).

Drinking alcohol when you are pregnant or breastfeeding may harm your baby.

No amount of alcohol is safe during pregnancy. Visit our Pregnancy page to learn more about alcohol and pregnancy.

Alcohol and youth

In Durham, 55 per cent of high school students say they drank alcohol in the past year. The legal drinking age in Ontario is 19, but many teens begin drinking between the ages of 13 to 18.

Alcohol use among Durham Region students Grades 9-12

• Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Saying When app
• Connex Ontario
• Know your Limits with Alcohol
• Lakeridge Health Rapid Access Addiction Medicine (RAAM) Clinic
• Pinewood Addiction Services

What is a municipal alcohol policy?

A municipal alcohol policy aims to protect the community's health. Municipal alcohol policies address activities and factors that contribute to alcohol-related issues.

How do municipal alcohol policies work?

Municipal alcohol policies must use different strategies to work well. Municipal alcohol policies should include these six key policy components:

1. Identification of which properties, facilities and events can serve alcohol.
2. Directions for how alcohol should be handled at events.
3. Prevention strategies.
4. Consequences and penalties for not following the policy.
5. Information to be put on signs.
6. Policy support.

How to create a municipal alcohol policy

Public Health Ontario provides Eight Steps for Creating a Municipal Alcohol Policy.

Resources for municipal alcohol policy

Alcohol Policy Review: Opportunities for Ontario Municipalities

• Public Health Ontario offers tools for supporting local alcohol policy in Ontario.
• The Centre of Addiction and Mental Health offers a Municipal Alcohol Policy Guide, a resource for successfully managing drinking.